Historical interpretations of the driving force for the development of seal engraving art / Wang Lixiang -- Introduction -- Artistic styles of seal engraving schools in the ming dynasty. Initiating the use of stone seals, the pathfinder of seal engraving schools / Wen Peng -- A marvelous wielder of the carving knife, a creator of diverse artistic expressions / He Zhen -- Mellow knife skill, sublime spirit / Su Xuan -- Creating the chopping-cut technique, specializing in academic studies / Zhu Jian -- Creating refined and smooth seal style, bringing forth the new through the old / Wang Guan -- Artistic styles of seal engraving schools in the Qing Dynasty. Weeding out the obsolete, bringing forth the quaint and vintage style / Cheng Sui -- Refined and graceful, connecting the old and the new / Lin Gao -- Vigorous and forceful, bold and unconstrained / Gao Fenghan -- A smart learner of the classics, the Founder of Zhe School / Ding Jing -- Quaint Appeal and ethereal spirit, unrivaled in history / Qian Song -- Integrating calligraphy in seal engraving, the Founder of Wan School / Deng Shiru -- an enthusiast of classics and a keen explorer, a blooming talent and an unceasing innovator / Zhao Zhiqian -- An excavator of the ancient and the modern, creating the style of archaic solemnity and unrestrained vigor / Wu Changshuo -- Incorporating bronze inscriptions, unadorned in form and graceful in spirit / Huang Shiling -- Artistic styles of seal engraving schools in the 20th century. forthright in artistic spirit, fervid in artistic presentation / Qi Baishi -- A brilliant disciple of Wu Changshuo, turning the round to the square / Zhao Guni -- A student of Zhao Guni, exceeding his teacher in fame / Deng Sanmu -- Vigorous and unrestrained, bold and lofty / Qian Shoutie -- Free and succinct, vivid and expressive / Lai Chusheng -- Serene and profound, exquisite and well-balanced / Wang Fu'an -- Elegant and vivacious, creating a new style of bird-worm seal script / Fang Jiekan -- Neat and graceful, unequalled in Yuan-Style Seals / Chen Julai -- A Successor of Zhao Zhiqian and Huang Shiling, Combining Elegance with Boldness / Qian Juntao -- Uneven and unconventional, remolding the artistic styles of seals of the Qin Dynasty / Fang Quji -- Introducing oracle bone script into seal engraving, uncomplicated and relaxing in style / Jian Jinglun -- Delving into the ancient, merging Western art with Chinese seal tradition / Ding Yanyong -- Seal engraving schools' artistic innovations of seal side inscriptions -- Appendix I: Brief biographies of seal engravers -- Appendix II: bibliography.