"The academic study of rumor as a phenomenon began in the early 20th century among psychologists, notably Louis William Stern in Hamburg, who conducted experiments on how the content of information was altered in the process of passing between individuals. However, it became a topic for historical study only as attention shifted towards examining the conduct of "crowds," the "masses," or the emergence of public opinion. The most important studies of rumor thus appeared in France, where the "crowd" had become a central topic in sociology in the late nineteenth century. Here the study of rumors focused on their contents and significance, specifically on how rumors revealed the fears, hopes, resentments, and other passions of the lower strata who did not otherwise figure in the historical record, notably peasants and urban workers"-- Provided by publisher.